PROGRESS IN ASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMERS
HENRY NORRIS RUSSEL
-Show that all stars are going through a life cycle of birth,maturity,and old age.
HARLOW SHAPlEY
-Used variable stars as a yardstick to give the first good esti

UNIVERSAL ADVANCE IN SCIENCE
in 20TH CENTURY

20TH CENTURY MOST CONTRIBUTION:
PIERRE DUHEM
-Hydrodynamics
-thermodynamics
RUDOLF CARNAP
-Logic
-Analysis
-Theory of probability
KARL POPPER
-Falsifiability
-Scientific method
THOMAS KUHN
-Paradigm shift or revolutionary science
WERNER HEISENBERG
-Quantum mechanics-is a set of scientific principle describing the known behavior of energy and matter that predominate of the atomic and subatomic scales.


20TH CENTURY TIME LINE
1900
Zeppelin-invented by Thomas Sullivan
Neon light-Gorge Claude
E=mc2-Albert Einstein
Radio-First radio receive

1910
Crossword- invented puzzle by Wyne
Pop-up Toaster-by Strite
Gas mask-Morgan

1920
Robot-Artificial life
Penicillin-Flemming

1930
Stop action photography-Edgerton
Frozen Foo-Birdeye
Electron Microscope-Max Knott

1940
Jeep-Karl Pabst
Microwave-spencer

1950
Video ktape recorder-Charles Ginsburge
Television-John Logie Bard

1960
Audio casset-was invented
Space war-First come video game

1970
floopy disk-Shuggart
Micro processor-Fag-gin

1980
Mobile Phone-Dr. Martin Looper
Computer-Charles Babages
Windows-Programmed invented by microsoft
Disposal camera-Fuji

1990
World Wide WED-time Lee
Java-Computer language

SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
-Appears as a GOLDEN AGE-
-Science expanded successfully into new fields of mathematics and experiments in physics,the application of theory to experiment in chemistry and control the experimentation in biology.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MID-19TH CENTURY
-There were important breakthrough in
*iron and steel technology
*electricity
*weapons (machine gun, bottle wagon,dynamite)
*physics and chemistry
*sociology,psychology and biology

DALTON
-English school master.Atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
MENDELEEV
-Began to develop the table of elements.
RADIUM
-PIERRE and MARIE CURIE announce the discovery of this element
SIGMUND FREUD
-In Psychology,he loook for the explanation for individual human behavior beyond the rational level.
CHARLES DARWIN
-In BIOLOGY,develop his theory of revolution.

PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
-HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED-electric current produces a magnetic field
-MICHAEL FARADAY-reverse effect
-JOSEPH HENRY-built the first powerful electromagnets and invented electric motor.
-JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE-first law of thermodynamics.
-WILHELM ROENTGEN-x-ray
-MARIE CURIE-Radio activity.

PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY
-FRIEDRICH WOHLER-prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials
-BARON JUSTUS VON LIEPIG- chemical fertilizers
_
-GUSTUS ROBERT KIRCHHOFF and WILBERT WILHELM BUNSEN-spectograph
-DMITRI MENDELEEVE-systematic and pertiodic arrangement.

PROGRESS IN ASTRONOMY
-SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL-uranus did not precisely move in its expected orbit
-URBAN J.J LEVERRIER-neptune

PROGRESS IN BIOLOGY
-KARL ERNST VON BAER-embryology
-CHARLES DARWIN-origin of species
-GREGOR MENDEL-the pattern of inheritance of characteristics from one kgeneration of sweet peas to another

PROGRESS IN MEDICINE
-WILLIAM MORTON,CHARLES JACKSON,SIR JAMES SIMPSON-anesthetic
-LOUIS PASTEUR-methods of immunizing people
-JOSEPH LISTER-antiseptic surgery
-WALTER REED-yellow fever is caused by the virus carried by a mosquito

SCIENCE DURING RENAISSANCE

ESTABLISHMENT OF ACADEMICS
-The academia Dei Lincei in Rome
-The academia Del Cimiento in florence
-The Royal Society in London
-The academic Des Sciences in Paris

BOOKS AND JOURNAL
-Journal Des Savants of Paris
-Acta Eruditorium of Leipzig

GREAT TREATISES
-Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton
-Traite De La Lumiere of Christian Huygens

REMARKABLE SCIENTIST
-JOHANN GUTENBERG -invention of printing press
-GERMAN CARDINAL NICHOLAS of CUSA- Latin exponent of the value of experiment
-NICHOLAS COPERNICUS- developed the heliocentric theory using scientific method
-LEONARDO DA VINCE - the greatest artist on his time
-ANDRES VERSALIUS -founder of modern human technology

THE NEW STATUS OF GREEK SCIENCE
-SIMON STEVINOUS-introduced the decimal fraction
-GALILEO-GALILEI-made the telescope
-JOHANNES KEPLER-theorized about the movement of the planet
-RENE DESCARTES-inventor of the graph who believe in GOD existence.
-PARACELSUS-alchemist and physician of the renaissance
-FRANCIS BACON-improvised scientific method
-SIR ISAAC NEWTON-discovered the gravity

EUROPEAN SCIENCE
-Owes its past success and its special character to its sharing, in metaphysics and method
-Basic features European Society were aggressive individualism tempered.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-Began that transform from agrarian to an urban.

SCIENCE in the LATIN WEST (during the Medieval Age)

EARLY MEDIEVAL AGE
-Migration of BArbarian Invasion
-De-urbanization
-Study of nature was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.

EDUCATIONAL REFORM (Charles the Great)
7 Liberal arts
*TRIVIUM -rhetoric, grammar,dialectic.
*QUADRIVIUM -arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.

HIGH MEDIEVAL AGE
-Birth of medieval universities
-Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
-Latin translation of the main works.

ANCIENT PHILOSOPHER AND THINKERS

GROSSETESTE -oxford franciscal school
ARISTOTLE -resolution and composition
BACON -observation,hypothesis,experimentation.and verification

LATE MEDIEVAL AGE
-WILLIAM of OCCAM - principle of parsipony
-JEAN BURIDAN -theory of impetus
-THOMAS BRADWARDINE-distinguish dynamics to kinetics
-NICOLE ORESME -polish the heliocentric theory.
-BLACK DEATH -mid 14th century
-CATHOLIC CHURCH DISINTEGRATION