PROGRESS IN ASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMERS
HENRY NORRIS RUSSEL
-Show that all stars are going through a life cycle of birth,maturity,and old age.
HARLOW SHAPlEY
-Used variable stars as a yardstick to give the first good esti
Saturday, October 9, 2010
UNIVERSAL ADVANCE IN SCIENCE
in 20TH CENTURY
20TH CENTURY MOST CONTRIBUTION:
PIERRE DUHEM
-Hydrodynamics
-thermodynamics
RUDOLF CARNAP
-Logic
-Analysis
-Theory of probability
KARL POPPER
-Falsifiability
-Scientific method
THOMAS KUHN
-Paradigm shift or revolutionary science
WERNER HEISENBERG
-Quantum mechanics-is a set of scientific principle describing the known behavior of energy and matter that predominate of the atomic and subatomic scales.
20TH CENTURY TIME LINE
1900
Zeppelin-invented by Thomas Sullivan
Neon light-Gorge Claude
E=mc2-Albert Einstein
Radio-First radio receive
1910
Crossword- invented puzzle by Wyne
Pop-up Toaster-by Strite
Gas mask-Morgan
1920
Robot-Artificial life
Penicillin-Flemming
1930
Stop action photography-Edgerton
Frozen Foo-Birdeye
Electron Microscope-Max Knott
1940
Jeep-Karl Pabst
Microwave-spencer
1950
Video ktape recorder-Charles Ginsburge
Television-John Logie Bard
1960
Audio casset-was invented
Space war-First come video game
1970
floopy disk-Shuggart
Micro processor-Fag-gin
1980
Mobile Phone-Dr. Martin Looper
Computer-Charles Babages
Windows-Programmed invented by microsoft
Disposal camera-Fuji
1990
World Wide WED-time Lee
Java-Computer language
in 20TH CENTURY
20TH CENTURY MOST CONTRIBUTION:
PIERRE DUHEM
-Hydrodynamics
-thermodynamics
RUDOLF CARNAP
-Logic
-Analysis
-Theory of probability
KARL POPPER
-Falsifiability
-Scientific method
THOMAS KUHN
-Paradigm shift or revolutionary science
WERNER HEISENBERG
-Quantum mechanics-is a set of scientific principle describing the known behavior of energy and matter that predominate of the atomic and subatomic scales.
20TH CENTURY TIME LINE
1900
Zeppelin-invented by Thomas Sullivan
Neon light-Gorge Claude
E=mc2-Albert Einstein
Radio-First radio receive
1910
Crossword- invented puzzle by Wyne
Pop-up Toaster-by Strite
Gas mask-Morgan
1920
Robot-Artificial life
Penicillin-Flemming
1930
Stop action photography-Edgerton
Frozen Foo-Birdeye
Electron Microscope-Max Knott
1940
Jeep-Karl Pabst
Microwave-spencer
1950
Video ktape recorder-Charles Ginsburge
Television-John Logie Bard
1960
Audio casset-was invented
Space war-First come video game
1970
floopy disk-Shuggart
Micro processor-Fag-gin
1980
Mobile Phone-Dr. Martin Looper
Computer-Charles Babages
Windows-Programmed invented by microsoft
Disposal camera-Fuji
1990
World Wide WED-time Lee
Java-Computer language
Thursday, October 7, 2010
SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
-Appears as a GOLDEN AGE-
-Science expanded successfully into new fields of mathematics and experiments in physics,the application of theory to experiment in chemistry and control the experimentation in biology.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MID-19TH CENTURY
-There were important breakthrough in
*iron and steel technology
*electricity
*weapons (machine gun, bottle wagon,dynamite)
*physics and chemistry
*sociology,psychology and biology
DALTON
-English school master.Atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
MENDELEEV
-Began to develop the table of elements.
RADIUM
-PIERRE and MARIE CURIE announce the discovery of this element
SIGMUND FREUD
-In Psychology,he loook for the explanation for individual human behavior beyond the rational level.
CHARLES DARWIN
-In BIOLOGY,develop his theory of revolution.
PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
-HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED-electric current produces a magnetic field
-MICHAEL FARADAY-reverse effect
-JOSEPH HENRY-built the first powerful electromagnets and invented electric motor.
-JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE-first law of thermodynamics.
-WILHELM ROENTGEN-x-ray
-MARIE CURIE-Radio activity.
PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY
-FRIEDRICH WOHLER-prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials
-BARON JUSTUS VON LIEPIG- chemical fertilizers
_
-GUSTUS ROBERT KIRCHHOFF and WILBERT WILHELM BUNSEN-spectograph
-DMITRI MENDELEEVE-systematic and pertiodic arrangement.
PROGRESS IN ASTRONOMY
-SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL-uranus did not precisely move in its expected orbit
-URBAN J.J LEVERRIER-neptune
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGY
-KARL ERNST VON BAER-embryology
-CHARLES DARWIN-origin of species
-GREGOR MENDEL-the pattern of inheritance of characteristics from one kgeneration of sweet peas to another
PROGRESS IN MEDICINE
-WILLIAM MORTON,CHARLES JACKSON,SIR JAMES SIMPSON-anesthetic
-LOUIS PASTEUR-methods of immunizing people
-JOSEPH LISTER-antiseptic surgery
-WALTER REED-yellow fever is caused by the virus carried by a mosquito
-Appears as a GOLDEN AGE-
-Science expanded successfully into new fields of mathematics and experiments in physics,the application of theory to experiment in chemistry and control the experimentation in biology.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MID-19TH CENTURY
-There were important breakthrough in
*iron and steel technology
*electricity
*weapons (machine gun, bottle wagon,dynamite)
*physics and chemistry
*sociology,psychology and biology
DALTON
-English school master.Atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
MENDELEEV
-Began to develop the table of elements.
RADIUM
-PIERRE and MARIE CURIE announce the discovery of this element
SIGMUND FREUD
-In Psychology,he loook for the explanation for individual human behavior beyond the rational level.
CHARLES DARWIN
-In BIOLOGY,develop his theory of revolution.
PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
-HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED-electric current produces a magnetic field
-MICHAEL FARADAY-reverse effect
-JOSEPH HENRY-built the first powerful electromagnets and invented electric motor.
-JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE-first law of thermodynamics.
-WILHELM ROENTGEN-x-ray
-MARIE CURIE-Radio activity.
PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY
-FRIEDRICH WOHLER-prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials
-BARON JUSTUS VON LIEPIG- chemical fertilizers
_
-GUSTUS ROBERT KIRCHHOFF and WILBERT WILHELM BUNSEN-spectograph
-DMITRI MENDELEEVE-systematic and pertiodic arrangement.
PROGRESS IN ASTRONOMY
-SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL-uranus did not precisely move in its expected orbit
-URBAN J.J LEVERRIER-neptune
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGY
-KARL ERNST VON BAER-embryology
-CHARLES DARWIN-origin of species
-GREGOR MENDEL-the pattern of inheritance of characteristics from one kgeneration of sweet peas to another
PROGRESS IN MEDICINE
-WILLIAM MORTON,CHARLES JACKSON,SIR JAMES SIMPSON-anesthetic
-LOUIS PASTEUR-methods of immunizing people
-JOSEPH LISTER-antiseptic surgery
-WALTER REED-yellow fever is caused by the virus carried by a mosquito
SCIENCE DURING RENAISSANCE
ESTABLISHMENT OF ACADEMICS
-The academia Dei Lincei in Rome
-The academia Del Cimiento in florence
-The Royal Society in London
-The academic Des Sciences in Paris
BOOKS AND JOURNAL
-Journal Des Savants of Paris
-Acta Eruditorium of Leipzig
GREAT TREATISES
-Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton
-Traite De La Lumiere of Christian Huygens
REMARKABLE SCIENTIST
-JOHANN GUTENBERG -invention of printing press
-GERMAN CARDINAL NICHOLAS of CUSA- Latin exponent of the value of experiment
-NICHOLAS COPERNICUS- developed the heliocentric theory using scientific method
-LEONARDO DA VINCE - the greatest artist on his time
-ANDRES VERSALIUS -founder of modern human technology
THE NEW STATUS OF GREEK SCIENCE
-SIMON STEVINOUS-introduced the decimal fraction
-GALILEO-GALILEI-made the telescope
-JOHANNES KEPLER-theorized about the movement of the planet
-RENE DESCARTES-inventor of the graph who believe in GOD existence.
-PARACELSUS-alchemist and physician of the renaissance
-FRANCIS BACON-improvised scientific method
-SIR ISAAC NEWTON-discovered the gravity
EUROPEAN SCIENCE
-Owes its past success and its special character to its sharing, in metaphysics and method
-Basic features European Society were aggressive individualism tempered.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-Began that transform from agrarian to an urban.
ESTABLISHMENT OF ACADEMICS
-The academia Dei Lincei in Rome
-The academia Del Cimiento in florence
-The Royal Society in London
-The academic Des Sciences in Paris
BOOKS AND JOURNAL
-Journal Des Savants of Paris
-Acta Eruditorium of Leipzig
GREAT TREATISES
-Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton
-Traite De La Lumiere of Christian Huygens
REMARKABLE SCIENTIST
-JOHANN GUTENBERG -invention of printing press
-GERMAN CARDINAL NICHOLAS of CUSA- Latin exponent of the value of experiment
-NICHOLAS COPERNICUS- developed the heliocentric theory using scientific method
-LEONARDO DA VINCE - the greatest artist on his time
-ANDRES VERSALIUS -founder of modern human technology
THE NEW STATUS OF GREEK SCIENCE
-SIMON STEVINOUS-introduced the decimal fraction
-GALILEO-GALILEI-made the telescope
-JOHANNES KEPLER-theorized about the movement of the planet
-RENE DESCARTES-inventor of the graph who believe in GOD existence.
-PARACELSUS-alchemist and physician of the renaissance
-FRANCIS BACON-improvised scientific method
-SIR ISAAC NEWTON-discovered the gravity
EUROPEAN SCIENCE
-Owes its past success and its special character to its sharing, in metaphysics and method
-Basic features European Society were aggressive individualism tempered.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-Began that transform from agrarian to an urban.
SCIENCE in the LATIN WEST (during the Medieval Age)
EARLY MEDIEVAL AGE
-Migration of BArbarian Invasion
-De-urbanization
-Study of nature was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.
EDUCATIONAL REFORM (Charles the Great)
7 Liberal arts
*TRIVIUM -rhetoric, grammar,dialectic.
*QUADRIVIUM -arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.
HIGH MEDIEVAL AGE
-Birth of medieval universities
-Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
-Latin translation of the main works.
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHER AND THINKERS
GROSSETESTE -oxford franciscal school
ARISTOTLE -resolution and composition
BACON -observation,hypothesis,experimentation.and verification
LATE MEDIEVAL AGE
-WILLIAM of OCCAM - principle of parsipony
-JEAN BURIDAN -theory of impetus
-THOMAS BRADWARDINE-distinguish dynamics to kinetics
-NICOLE ORESME -polish the heliocentric theory.
-BLACK DEATH -mid 14th century
-CATHOLIC CHURCH DISINTEGRATION
EARLY MEDIEVAL AGE
-Migration of BArbarian Invasion
-De-urbanization
-Study of nature was pursued more for practical reason than an abstract inquiry.
EDUCATIONAL REFORM (Charles the Great)
7 Liberal arts
*TRIVIUM -rhetoric, grammar,dialectic.
*QUADRIVIUM -arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.
HIGH MEDIEVAL AGE
-Birth of medieval universities
-Rediscovery of the works of Aristotle
-Latin translation of the main works.
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHER AND THINKERS
GROSSETESTE -oxford franciscal school
ARISTOTLE -resolution and composition
BACON -observation,hypothesis,experimentation.and verification
LATE MEDIEVAL AGE
-WILLIAM of OCCAM - principle of parsipony
-JEAN BURIDAN -theory of impetus
-THOMAS BRADWARDINE-distinguish dynamics to kinetics
-NICOLE ORESME -polish the heliocentric theory.
-BLACK DEATH -mid 14th century
-CATHOLIC CHURCH DISINTEGRATION
Wednesday, September 22, 2010
Definition of Quasar
QUASAR
One of a class of blue celestial objects having the appearance of stars when viewed through a telescope and currently believed to be the most distant and most luminous objects in the universe; the name is shortened from quasi-stellar radio source (QSR). Quasars were discovered as the visible counterparts of certain discrete celestial sources of radio waves (see radio astronomy). Similar star like objects that do not emit radio waves were subsequently discovered and named quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Although their visible light is faint, the quasars are optically brighter than the galaxies with which radio sources had been identified before 1963. Before their spectra were studied carefully, it was believed that the quasars were stars in our galaxy. However, the lines in their spectra have enormous red shifts that seem to imply that they are receding from the Milky Way with speeds as great as 95% of the speed of light. Only shifts toward the red end of the spectrum have been observed for quasars; blue-shifted ones that would indicate a quasar approaching our galaxy have not yet been found. If quasars were simply objects being ejected from nearby galaxies at high speeds, and not the distant objects they appear to be, then some would have blue shifts. If Hubble's law for the expansion of the universe is extrapolated to include the quasars, they would be many billion light-years away and consequently as luminous intrinsically as 1,000 galaxies combined. To account for such brilliant light, astronomers believe that quasars are supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei, releasing energy by the accretion of matter through a rotating viscous disk (see cosmology).
QUASAR
One of a class of blue celestial objects having the appearance of stars when viewed through a telescope and currently believed to be the most distant and most luminous objects in the universe; the name is shortened from quasi-stellar radio source (QSR). Quasars were discovered as the visible counterparts of certain discrete celestial sources of radio waves (see radio astronomy). Similar star like objects that do not emit radio waves were subsequently discovered and named quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Although their visible light is faint, the quasars are optically brighter than the galaxies with which radio sources had been identified before 1963. Before their spectra were studied carefully, it was believed that the quasars were stars in our galaxy. However, the lines in their spectra have enormous red shifts that seem to imply that they are receding from the Milky Way with speeds as great as 95% of the speed of light. Only shifts toward the red end of the spectrum have been observed for quasars; blue-shifted ones that would indicate a quasar approaching our galaxy have not yet been found. If quasars were simply objects being ejected from nearby galaxies at high speeds, and not the distant objects they appear to be, then some would have blue shifts. If Hubble's law for the expansion of the universe is extrapolated to include the quasars, they would be many billion light-years away and consequently as luminous intrinsically as 1,000 galaxies combined. To account for such brilliant light, astronomers believe that quasars are supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei, releasing energy by the accretion of matter through a rotating viscous disk (see cosmology).
Where does the name "MILKY WAY" came from?
On a clear moonless night,far from city lights,you can see a plate band of light spangle with stars stretching across the sky.The Ancient Hindus though this shimmering river of life in the heavens was the source of the sacred river Ganges. To the Ancient Greeks this dim celestial glow looked like milk split across the night sky, and so they called it the milky way. In the 17th Century, Galileo showed that the milky way is millions of stars too dim to be seen as individual points of lights. Now, in the 20th Century we know that these stars, along with our sun, form a huge, slowly revolving disk-our galaxy. The word "galaxy" itself comes from the ancient Greeks and their word for "milk"-galactos. Thus "milky way" is both the name of the bond of life across the night sky and also the name of our galaxy.
On a clear moonless night,far from city lights,you can see a plate band of light spangle with stars stretching across the sky.The Ancient Hindus though this shimmering river of life in the heavens was the source of the sacred river Ganges. To the Ancient Greeks this dim celestial glow looked like milk split across the night sky, and so they called it the milky way. In the 17th Century, Galileo showed that the milky way is millions of stars too dim to be seen as individual points of lights. Now, in the 20th Century we know that these stars, along with our sun, form a huge, slowly revolving disk-our galaxy. The word "galaxy" itself comes from the ancient Greeks and their word for "milk"-galactos. Thus "milky way" is both the name of the bond of life across the night sky and also the name of our galaxy.
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